Qu’est-ce que le “judaïsme synagogal” ?
Résumé
In a book published in 2012, Le judaïsme ancien du VIe siècle avant notre ère au IIIe siècle de notre ère. Des prêtres aux rabbins, Simon Claude Mimouni suggested a new model on Palestinian Judaism after 70, defining three Judaisms: rabbinic, Christian and synagogual. The present article deals with this new hypothesis of a third, synagogual Judaism. It goes back over the sources of this hypothesis, insisting notably on the important role of Goodenough and his followers, and intends to clear up its relation to other recent historiographical models. It tries to refute the counter-arguments that are likely to be raised against this hypothesis, using essentially rabbinic literature, but also archaeology and epigraphy. It shows how the synagogual hypothesis helps to give a better understanding of a number of issues tackled by rabbinic literature (Jewish binitarism, relations between light, emanation and hypostasis, Jewish deviance, biblical canon and translation of the Bible into Greek,qedusha prayer, circumcision and patriarch). It finally opens up new prospects on some points of the hypothesis, which is still under construction: the sources of synagogual Judaism, its two components, Aramaic and Hellenist, the role of priests, the period that goes before 70 and the Diaspora, mysticism and messianism.